This is part of the series of blog posts from students of Janet Few’s Are You Sitting Comfortably?: writing and telling your family history (216) course.

Janet says: “I have been tutoring the course for several years. Three years ago the option to submit an assessed piece for feedback was added. Since then, each time the course has run, several students have taken this opportunity and have sent in a section of their family histories. They are given about six weeks after the course finishes to do this. I have been in awe of what they have produced in a comparatively short space of time. It is a pleasure to be able to feature some of their stories on the Pharos blog”.

This offering comes from student, Susan Pepper, and tells the story of Nathaniel John Hudson (1818-1875)…

Nathaniel John Hudson

My Brewis grandfather’s mother, Anne Beatrice Hudson, died when he was only five and I grew up knowing very little about the Hudson side of the family.  In fact, the only thing I knew was that my exceptional height and long feet came from my Hudson great grandmother!  When I started researching family history, I discovered that some of my Hudson ancestors were barge builders and that had a particular resonance with me as a keen dinghy sailor.  Last summer, I found the family grave of my third great grandfather, Nathaniel John Hudson, amid the tangled undergrowth in Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park and I resolved then to tell his story.

Figure 1  Nathaniel’s Private Grave (4164) at Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park (own photograph)

Nathaniel John Hudson was born on Monday 5th January 1818 in Greenwich, South-East London.[i] He was born into a country at peace after the long upheaval of the Napoleonic Wars, which had ended with Napoleon’s defeat in the Battle of Waterloo on 18th June 1815.  Nathaniel was Thomas and Sarah Hudson’s fifth child and second son or rather, he was the fifth child for whom I can find records: the gap of years between the second and third children leads me to suspect that there were other births for which I can find no evidence.  Nathaniel John was named after his elder brother, Nathaniel, who had died in November 1816, aged only seven months.[ii]  Where the name Nathaniel came from is unclear as his Hudson grandfather was named Isaac, but the John probably came from Sarah’s father, John Patrick.  Nathaniel John was the only one of the three sons born to Thomas and Sarah to survive infancy; his younger brother, John, died in December 1825, aged 13 months.[iii]

Nathaniel was baptised on Sunday 10th May 1818 at St Alfege Church in Greenwich.[iv]  This Anglican Church was notable for being the first of six London Churches designed by the famous architect, Nicholas Hawksmoor.  Another Hawksmoor Church, St Anne’s Limehouse was set to play an important role in Nathaniel’s future life.  The Parish Register for Nathaniel’s baptism gives the family’s abode as Wood Wharf in Greenwich, but by the time of his sister, Ann’s baptism on 15th February 1824, the family had moved to Poplar and were living within the parish of All Saints, which comprised the hamlets of Poplar and Blackwall.[v]  Apart from a brief period in Lambeth and Southwark around 1850, Nathaniel remained in East London for the rest of his life.

Nathaniel had served his apprenticeship and become a barge builder like his father by the time of his marriage at the age of 20.[vi]  His marriage certificate gives his residence as Limehouse and he and his father must have been working in one of the numerous small shipyards along the Thames from Limehouse to Blackwall.[vii]  This was a thriving time to be involved in ship building in London as the city had become the world’s leading ship builder in terms both of the numbers of ships built and of their technological innovation.[viii]  Living in Ratcliff after his marriage, Nathaniel would have seen the first ship to use screw propulsion instead of paddles, the Archimedes, launched at Ratcliff Cross Dock in 1838.  London also pioneered the building of iron ships, most notable of which was Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s Great Eastern.  This was the largest and most technologically advanced vessel ever to have been built and it was designed to travel to Australia non- stop.  The Great Eastern towered over Millwall docks during its build from 1856-1857 and it is hard to imagine that Nathaniel did not see it.

Sadly, there appear to be no records for barges built by Nathaniel, but I do know that they would have been more traditional in design than these pioneering ships. They may have been Thames sailing barges, which were flat bottomed boats, with a lowering mast and five red sails, specifically designed to carry goods up the River Thames under the bridges and also into the shallow creeks off the main river.[ix]  Or he may have built Thames lighters, which were ‘dumb’ goods barges with no mechanical means of propulsion and with a flat box like bow, called a swim head.[x]  Thames barges were made of hard wood like oak or elm, whereas the swim head barges would probably have had a timber frame with an outer skin of iron plates.[xi] Nathaniel would have worked with planks of wood made pliable by heating up to 100 degrees Celsius, and joined with iron bolts and nails.  He would have used traditional hand tools like the adze (axe) and auger (drill), hammers and handsaws.[xii]  He would have worked in the open air in all weathers.[xiii]

Figure 2 A Thames Barge (own photograph)

1838 saw the coronation of Queen Victoria on 28th June in Westminster Abbey and three days later, Nathaniel married Eliza Pope in St Anne’s Church, Limehouse.[xiv]  Eliza had been born in 1819 in Cowes, Isle of Wight and was the eldest daughter of a sawyer, James Pope and his wife Elizabeth.  At some point in the intervening 20 years, the Pope family had moved to Limehouse as James, Elizabeth and their youngest children, Charlotte and Thomas are recorded as living in Randall Street, Limehouse in the 1841 Census.[xv]

Nathaniel and Eliza’s first child, Thomas (my second great grandfather) was born on 2nd May 1839;[xvi] their second, James William on 15th March 1841.[xvii] The two boys were clearly named after their Hudson and Pope grandfathers and both were baptised at St Anne’s, Limehouse.

Figure 3 St Anne’s Church, Limehouse (own photograph)

Thomas and James William’s baptism records give their abode as Ratcliff and in the 1841 Census, Nathaniel and Eliza with their two sons are living at 4 Rose Lane, Ratcliff.xviii  Ratcliff was a hamlet beside the River Thames to the West of Limehouse and was an area which had suffered the worst effects of the rapid growth of East London’s population in the nineteenth century.  Charles Dickens even describes it as ‘a place of poverty and desperation, where accumulated scum of humanity seemed to be washed from higher grounds’.[xix]  For Nathaniel and Eliza, it would have meant somewhere to live close to his barge building on the river and where they could afford to live without multiple occupancy or taking lodgers.  Nathaniel is not included in the electoral roll for the hamlet of Ratcliff for 1843 and he was evidently not paying an annual rent of £10, which was the qualification to vote under the provisions of the 1832 Reform Act.[xx]

The 1840s were an unsettled time with political protest in Britain and in Europe culminating in the 1848 Chartist petition and the revolutionary wave in Europe known as the 1848 Revolutions.  For Nathaniel and Eliza, this was a decade of mixed fortunes.  They had four further children: Nathaniel John born on 21st January 1843;[xxi] Eliza Ann born in January 1845; John born on 1st April 1847;[xxii] James Henry born on 23rd November 1848.[xxiii] However, between 1847 and 1849, they also suffered the loss of three of their sons James William, aged 6, from inflammation of the liver, John, aged only nine months, from bronchitis and one year old, James Henry from pneumonia.[xxiv]  Such losses were not unusual in Victorian Times and the infant mortality rate for Poplar in 1851 was 16%.[xxv]  However, it is interesting to note that the Hudson children did not die, like many others, from infectious diseases and it may be that their respiratory conditions had something to do with the dense London fogs and their damp riverside homes.

By the time of James William’s death in November 1847, Nathaniel and his family had moved from Rose Lane to a new address in Ratcliff at 3 Caroline Street. They did not stay there long, however, as the address on James Henry’s Death Certificate from December 1849 is 12 Southampton Street West in Lambeth.  This is also recorded as the family’s address in the 1851 Census and this was the only period that Nathaniel and Eliza moved out of the Poplar area.[xxvi]  This house in Southampton Street West may have exemplified the health hazards of being so close to the river as it was in one of the localities most affected by the annual Thames flooding, which brought polluted water and debris into people’s homes.[xxvii]

By the time of the 1851 Census, Nathaniel and Eliza had had a further daughter, Emma Sarah, born on 5th November 1850 and so had four surviving children, Thomas, Nathaniel, Eliza and Emma.  Their family grew significantly during the 1850s with the births of Jane on 26th November 1852;[xxviii] Charlotte Elizabeth on 21st January 1855;[xxix] Ellen on 18th April 1857;[xxx] Alfred on 24th December 1859.[xxxi] The succession of house moves continued with a move from Southampton Street West to Holland Street, near the river in Southwark, by January 1853.[xxxii] The family were back in Poplar by March 1855, when the record of Charlotte’s baptism gives their abode as Pennyfields, Poplar.[xxxiii] At this time, Britain was at war again, in the Crimea, but Nathaniel’s life would have been little affected, although he doubtless joined in the popular support for the war against Russia.

Ellen was baptized on 12th July 1857 at All Saints Church, Poplar and from then on, all of Nathaniel and Eliza’s children were baptized at this church.[xxxiv] This large and impressive Georgian building had been built in 1821-3 for the newly created parish of Poplar and the 1851 Ecclesiastical Census Returns show that it was extremely well attended with 1100 in the morning congregation on Sunday 30th March and 800 in the evening.[xxxv]

Figure 4 All Saints Church, Poplar (own photograph)

By 1861, Nathaniel and Eliza had moved again and the Census records them as living at 16 Wint Terrace on Manchester Road in Cubitt Town on the East of the Isle of Dogs.[xxxvi]  This terrace of houses was newly built, having been developed between 1853 and 1861 as part of the new settlement of Cubitt Town.[xxxvii] Nathaniel and Eliza were then living with all their surviving children (Thomas, Nathaniel, Emma, Jane, Charlotte, Ellen and Alfred) with the exception of Eliza, who was in service in the household of Henry Reuben Bates, a Nurseryman and his wife Mary in Lambeth.[xxxviii] The Wint Terrace property clearly qualified Nathaniel as a voter under the terms of the 1832 Reform Act and he appears on the electoral register for the borough of Tower Hamlets in 1860, having just missed the opportunity to vote in the indecisive General Election of 1859, where no party gained an overall majority.[xxxix]

That same year, Nathaniel bought a lease on land for his own shipyard to carry out his barge building trade.[xl] This land was at Folly Wall, literally round the corner from where he was living in Wint Terrace. The yard had previously been used as a stone wharf by Charles Ross and a number of iron and ship building industries had already developed in the area.  John Stewart’s Blackwall Iron Works, established in 1851, was to the north of Nathaniel’s yard and to the south, in Hope Yard, was the successful ship building business run by the Yarrow Brothers.  Further south was the works of shipbuilders Joseph d’Aguilar Samuda and his brother, Jack, who pioneered the use of steel in shipbuilding.[xli] Nathaniel also had an unusual neighbour in the ‘Royalist’, an old warship that was moored by Folly Wall and served as a Thames River Police Station.[xlii] The 1861 Census describes Nathaniel’s eldest son, Thomas as a barge builder and his second son Nathaniel as apprentice to a barge builder and it is reasonable to suppose that they were both working with their father at his new yard.[xliii]  In 1871, Nathaniel is described as a Master Barge Builder, again suggesting that he would have taken at least one apprentice.[xliv]

After buying the lease on Folly Wall, Nathaniel and Eliza moved into a cottage, 1 Folly Cottages, on the Folly Wall site and following his marriage to Emma Jones on 25th December 1861, their son, Thomas, moved into another of the cottages.[xlv]  Tower Hamlets was the first area to be surveyed, in 1886, for Charles Booth’s Inquiry into London Poverty and the findings are likely to be relevant to the couple of decades before.  Although the purchase of a lease suggests Nathaniel’s growing prosperity, he was still living in an area categorised by Booth as ‘poor’.  Booth comments that, on the Isle of Dogs, ‘no one on the island seems to be rich’ and ‘the poorest streets are those nearest the water’.[xlvi] He also refers to the lack of entertainment on the island as there were no music halls, but just public houses with singsongs.  In Nathaniel’s time, Folly Wall had two public houses, the Prince of Wales and the close by Folly House Tavern, which was noted for its whitebait suppers.[xlvii] Life on Folly Wall must have had its challenges as inadequate drainage led the sewers to flood in heavy rain.  The problem was solved by the building of a storm pumping station, but not until after Nathaniel’s time, in 1886.[xlviii]  The shops also appear to have been on the West side of the island on Ferry Road West, giving Eliza a mile’s walk for shopping either into Poplar or to the other side of the Isle of Dogs.[xlix]

Figure 5 Folly Wall and the modern storm pumping station in 2022 – Folly Wall is now a road running between Stewart Street and the site of the old Folly Wall at the Prince of Wales Public House (own photographs)

From 1862, Nathaniel appears on the electoral register for Tower Hamlets for his address at Folly Wall, so, as at WintTerrace, he clearly qualified as a £10 householder.  There was no contest in the Tower Hamlets constituency in the General Election of 1865, but Nathaniel would have had the opportunity to vote in General Elections in 1868 and 1874.[l] He would have had a personal interest in these elections as one of his neighbours on Folly Wall, the ship builder, Joseph d’Aguilar Samuda was standing as a Liberal.  Samuda was elected both times, even in 1874, when the overall result in the country was a landslide victory to Disraeli and the Conservative Party.[li]

The 1860s saw the birth of three further children to Nathaniel and Eliza: Alice Caroline, born on 27th July 1862;[lii] Alice Mary born on 11th June 1863;[liii] George Edward, born on 11th June 1865.[liv]  George was their final child and at the time of his birth, Eliza was 46, had been child bearing for 26 years and had given birth to 14 children (of whom 10 had survived infancy).  Eliza’s story is all the more remarkable given that the maternal death rate in the middle of the nineteenth century was around 5% and puerperal fever was a major killer in this time before antiseptics and antibiotics to prevent or fight infection.[lv]  Eliza would probably have given birth to her children at home, where, ironically, there was less danger of infection than in the lying-in hospitals frequented by wealthier mothers to be.

As mentioned earlier, the infant mortality rate was significantly higher than even the maternal one and Alice Caroline was the fourth of Nathaniel and Eliza’s children to die; she lived for just under a month and died on 20th August 1862 after two weeks of diarrhoea.[lvi]  Her death prompted Nathaniel to buy a private grave (number 4164) in Tower Hamlets Cemetery.  It cost him £4 4s 0d and was 12 feet deep; in time, eight members of the family would be buried there.[lvii] Alice was buried in the grave on 26th August, followed by her grandmother, Sarah Hudson, who died in December 1866 at the age of 80.  Nathaniel’s grandson, Thomas Nathaniel Hudson (Thomas and Emma’s eldest son) was also buried there on 28th March 1870, following his death aged just 14 months.[lviii]

Figure 6 Headstone to Nathaniel and Eliza’s Private Grave (4164) at Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park (own photograph)

Nathaniel lived to see four of his children married and the birth of six children to his eldest son, Thomas and his wife, Emma.  Nathaniel John married a widow, Mary Matilda Cameron (nee Mate) on 16th August 1871 at Christ Church, Greenwich.[lix]  Charlotte Elizabeth married Francis Overton Overton on 5th October 1873 at St Anne’s Church, Limehouse and on 3rd August of the following year, Jane married John George Pearson at Christ Church, Poplar.[lx]  Francis Overton was a barge builder while John Pearson was a missionary designate for the Church Missionary Society and the two women went on to live very different lives with Charlotte remaining in the Limehouse area and Jane spending much of her life overseas as a missionary wife.

Nathaniel died at home, aged 57, from fever on 5th May 1875 and was buried in his private family grave at Tower Hamlets Cemetery.[lxi] After his death, Eliza sold the residue of the lease at Folly Wall to Yarrow Brothers, who had already taken over the adjoining area where Folly House stood.[lxii] Nathaniel’s legacy as a barge builder continued, however, through his sons, Thomas and Nathaniel and later on, through Thomas’s sons, James and Albert.  After moving from Folly Cottages, Eliza remained on the Isle of Dogs and in 1881, she was at 80 Glengall Road, living with her three youngest children Alfred, Alice and George.[lxiii]  She died on 13th August 1884 and was buried with her husband.[lxiv]

– Susan Pepper

Bibliography

Databases and collections

• 1841 England Census, Ancestry, original data The National Archives, accessed 17th October 2022
• 1851 England Census, Ancestry, original data The National Archives, accessed 18th October 2022
• 1861 England Census, Ancestry, original data RG 9, The National Archives, accessed9 19th October
• 1871 England Census, RG10 Ancestry, original data RG10, The National Archives, accessed 20th October 2022
• 1881 England Census, Ancestry, original data RG11, The National Archives, accessed 20th October 2022
• 1851 Ecclesiastical Census, www.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk, original data The National Archives, accessed 18th October 2022
• London Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1923 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives, accessed 16th October 2022
• London Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813-2003 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives, accessed 16th October 2022
• London Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1932 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives, accessed 17th October 2022
• London City Directories 1736-1943 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives, accessed 19th October 2022
• London, City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery Registers, 1841-3 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives, accessed 20th October 2022
• London Electoral Registers, 1832-1965 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives, accessed 20th October 2022

Original documents

• Electoral Roll for the Hamlet of Ratcliff 1843, L/RAT/4/17, original document examined at the Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives, 15th October 2022
• James Henry Hudson, James William Hudson, John Hudson, Nathaniel John Hudson Death Certificates in family papers

Websites

• CAMPOP Populations Past – Atlas of Victorian and Edwardian Population www.populationspast.org/imr/1861/#6/54.457/-5.867/bartholomew, accessed 19th October 2022

Articles and blog posts

• “Canal and River Barges of South East England” Canal Junction www.canaljunction.com/craft/thames-barge.htm, accessed 11th October 2022
• “Greenwich Built Barges” Greenwich Industrial Society www.greenwichindustrialhistory.blogspot.com/2013/04/greenwich-built-barges.html, accessed 11th October 2022
• Tom Bolton (2015) “The Lost Hamlet of Ratcliff” Spitalfields Life www.spitalfieldslife.com/2015/02/10/the-lost-hamlet-of-ratcliff/, accessed 10th October 2022
• Mick Lemmerman (2019) “Folly Wall”  Isle of Dogs – Past Life, Past Lives www.islandhistory.wordpress.com/2019/06/16/folly-wall/, accessed 10th October 2022
• J Thomson and Adolphe Smith (1877) “Street Life in London” The Dictionary of Victorian London www.victorianlondon.org/publications/thomson-5.htm, accessed 18th October 2022
• Survey of London: Volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs, ed. Hermione Hobhouse (London, 1994). British History Online www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/, accessed 30th October 2022
• Geoffrey Chamberlain (2006), “British Maternal Mortality in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries”, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633559/, accessed 10th November 2022

Books

• Charles Booth’s London Poverty Maps (2019) Thames and Hudson Ltd, London
• Fred M Walker Shipbuilding in Britain (2013) Shire Publications, Oxford
• Lectures
• Elliott Wragg (2016) “From Sail to Steam: London’s Role in a Shipbuilding Revolution” Gresham Lectures www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/sail-steam-londons-role-shipbuilding-revolution accessed 10th October 2022

References

i. Nathaniel John Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P78/ALF/008 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
ii. Nathaniel Hudson, Burial Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P78/ALF/067 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
iii. John Hudson; Burial Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P88/ALL1/227 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives;
iv. Nathaniel John Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P78/ALF/008 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
v. Ann Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P78/ALF/007 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
vi. Nathaniel Hudson, Marriage Register Entry; London Church of England Marriages and Banns; Reference Number: P93/ANN/029 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
vii. Ibid
viii. Elliott Wragg (2016): From Sail to Steam: London’s Role in a Shipbuilding Revolution www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/sail-steam-londons-role-shipbuilding-revolution
ix. Canals and River Barges of South East England www.canaljunction.com/craft/thames-barge.htm
x. Ibid
xi. Fred M Walker (2013) Shipbuilding in Britain p 12
xii. Ibid p 5
xiii. Ibid p 53
xiv. Nathaniel Hudson, Marriage Register Entry; London Church of England Marriages and Banns; Reference Number: P93/ANN/029 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xv. James Pope, 1841 England Census, Reference Class: HO107; Piece: 701; Book: 12; Civil Parish: St Anne Limehouse; County: Middlesex; Enumeration District: 22; Folio: 34; Page: 21; Line: 17; GSU roll: 438814, Ancestry, original data The National Archives
xvi. Thomas Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/ANN/007 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xvii. James Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/ANN/007 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xviii. Nathaniel Hudson, 1841 England Census, Class: HO107; Piece: 714; Book: 4; Civil Parish: Stepney; County: Middlesex; Enumeration District: 7; Folio: 8; Page: 10; Line: 6; GSU roll: 438822 Ancestry, original data The National Archives
xix. Charles Dickens Our Mutual Friend
xx. Electoral Roll for the Hamlet of Ratcliff 1843, Reference L/RAT/4/17, The Tower Hamlets Local History Library and Archives
xxi. Nathaniel Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/JS/001 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxii. John Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/ANN/008 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxiii. James Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/TMS/002 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxiv. James Henry Hudson, John Hudson, James William Hudson Death Certificates
xxv. CAMPOP Populations Past – Atlas of Victorian and Edwardian Population www.populationspast.org/imr/1861/#6/54.457/-5.867/bartholomew
xxvi. Nathaniel Hudson, 1851 England Census, Reference: Class: HO107, Piece 1573, Folio: 436 Page: 8 Ancestry, original data: The National Archives
xxvii. J Thomson and Adolphe Smith (1877) Street Life in London www.victorianlondon.org/publications/thomson-5.htm
xxviii. Jane Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P92/SAV/3018 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxix. Charlotte Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/ANN/010 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxx. Ellen Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P88/ALL1/015 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxxi. Alfred Hudson, |Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P88/ALL1/016 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxxii. Jane Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P92/SAV/3018 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxxiii. Charlotte Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/ANN/010 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxxiv. Ellen Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P88/ALL1/015 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xxxv. All Saints Poplar, 1851 Ecclesiastical Census, Reference: HO 129/25/10 www.discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk, original data The National Archives
xxxvi. Nathaniel Hudson, 1861 England Census, Reference: Class: RG 9; Piece: 311; Folio: 58; Page: 6; GSU roll: 542612 Ancestry, original data: The National Archives
xxxvii. ‘Plate 92’, in Survey of London: Volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs, ed. Hermione Hobhouse(London, 1994), p. 92. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/plate-92
xxxviii. Eliza Hudson, 1861 England Census, Reference Class: RG 9; Piece: 359; Folio: 25; Page: 1; GSU roll: 54262 Ancestry, original data: The National Archives
xxxix. Nathaniel Hudson, Electoral Register Entry, London England Electoral Registers, 1832-1965, Ward: All Saints, Borough: Tower Hamlets Year: 1860 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
xl. ‘Cubitt Town: Riverside area, from Cubitt Town Pier to the Graving Docks’, in Survey of London: Volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs, ed. Hermione Hobhouse (London, 1994), pp. 532-539. British History Online www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp532-539
xli. ‘Cubitt Town: Riverside area, from Cubitt Town Pier to the Graving Docks’, in Survey of London: Volumes 43 and 44, Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs, ed. Hermione Hobhouse (London, 1994), pp. 532-539. British History Online www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp532-539
xlii. Thames River Police www.british-police-history.uk/f/thames-river
xliii. Nathaniel Hudson, 1861 England Census, Reference: Class: RG 9; Piece: 311; Folio: 58; Page: 6; GSU roll: 542612 Ancestry, original data: The National Archives
xliv. Nathaniel Hudson, 1871 England Census, Reference: Class: RG 10 ; Piece: 588; Folio: 40; Pages: 25; Ancestry, original data: The National Archives
xlv. Nathaniel and Thomas Hudson, 1871 England Census, Reference: Class: RG 10 ; Piece: 588; Folio: 40; Pages: 25-26; Ancestry, original data: The National Archives
xlvi. Charles Booth’s London Poverty Maps (2019) p 61
xlvii. Mick Lemmerman (2019) Folly Wall  www.islandhistory.wordpress.com/2019/06/16/folly-wall/
xlviii. Ibid
xlix. Nathaniel Hudson London City Directories 1736-1943 Page 1478 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
l. Nathaniel Hudson, Electoral Register Entry, London England Electoral Registers, 1832-1965, Ward: All Saints, Borough: Tower Hamlets Year: 1862 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
li. Tower Hamlets UK Parliamentary Constituency, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
lii. Alice Caroline Hudson Death Certificate
liii. Alice Mary Hudson Baptism Register Entry; London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P88/ALL1/017 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
liv. George Hudson, Baptism Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P88/ALL1/016 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
lv. Geoffrey Chamberlain (2006), British Maternal Mortality in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1633559/
lvi. Alice Caroline Hudson Death Certificate
lvii. London, City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery Registers, 1841-1966 Reference Number: CTHC/01/112, 113 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
lviii. Headstone to Private Grave 4164 Tower Hamlets Cemetery
lix. Nathaniel Hudson England Select Marriages 1538-1973 FHL Film Number 355627 Ref ID v14 p48 Ancestry, original data Salt Lake City Utah: Family Search 2012
lx. Charlotte Hudson, Marriage Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P93/ANN/038 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
Jane Hudson, Marriage Register Entry, London Church of England Parish Registers; Reference Number: P88/CTC/011 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
lxi. Nathaniel Hudson, Death Certificate; Nathaniel Hudson, Headstone to Private Grave 4164 Tower Hamlets Cemetery; Nathaniel Hudson, London, City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery Registers, 1841-1966 Reference Number: CTHC/01/112, 113 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
lxii. Survey of London Vols 43 and 44 pp 532-539 www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vols43-4/pp532-539
lxiii. Eliza Hudson, 1881 England Census, Class: RG11; Piece: 511; Folio: 173; Page: 72; GSU roll: 1341114 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives
lxiv. Eliza Hudson, Headstone to Private Grave 4164 Tower Hamlets Cemetery
Eliza Hudson, London, City of London and Tower Hamlets Cemetery Registers, 1841-1966 Reference Number: CTHC/01/112, 113 Ancestry, original data London Metropolitan Archives

We have a bumper collection of courses coming up in June, including two BRAND NEW courses. Click on the links below to find out more:

Your Military Ancestors
Apprenticeship Records
So You Think You Know FamilySearch – A Guided Tour
Researching Your Welsh Ancestors
NEW Critical Thinking Approaches for Genealogy
NEW Researching Scottish Ancestral Crisis
Employment Records
Demystifying DNA for Family Historians

Your Military Ancestors

Tutor: Simon Fowler
Start date: 5th June 2023
Course length: 4 weeks
LAST FEW PLACES

This course is part of our Intermediate Certificate in Genealogy programme but can also be taken in isolation by anyone wanting to learn more about how to get the most out of military records. The course guides students through sources at The National Archives, at local archives and military museums, and an increasing number of online resources. In particular we will consider the service records for both officers and other ranks that can provide vital genealogical facts and a wealth of helpful detail that can take your research back into the 18th century and help reveal the life of your military ancestors.

Lesson Headings:

• British Army pre-1914
• Royal Navy pre-1914
• The two World Wars
• Online resources

Apprenticeship Records

Tutor: Richard Holt 
Start date: 5th June 2023
Course length: 4 weeks
LAST FEW PLACES

The practice of apprenticing young men to learn a trade is first recorded in twelfth and thirteenth century London. It gradually spread to many other towns and cities, and became subject to regulation. Provision for apprenticeship was also made under the Poor Laws. Parish overseers could bind children as young as six or seven to serve as apprentices until they were adults.

This course will familiarise you with apprenticeship records, and will explain how to find them. It will also give you a basic understanding of what being an apprentice meant in the period covered.

Previous students said: Very informative, clear lesson notes and good questions in the chat sessions that made me think about how I was interpreting the notes and facilitated learning.

So You Think You Know FamilySearch – A Guided Tour

Tutor: Barbara Baker
Start date: 5th June 2023
Course length: 4 weeks

This aptly titled course reflects the fact that many of us use the FamilySearch website on a regular basis. However, with such a vast collection of historical document images, transcriptions, educational resources and a global family tree there is bound to be something new for everyone.

This course guides you through the ‘highways and byways’ of FamilySearch.org, offers tips about searching data and using the helps, and brings you to the point where you can say that you really know the FamilySearch website.

Lesson Headings:

• Introduction to FamilySearch and FamilySearch.org
• Exploring British and Irish data and resources at FamiySearch.org
• The British and Irish collection at the Family History Library
• The FamilySearch Family Tree and What’s New

Researching Your Welsh Ancestors

Tutor: Eilir Daniels
Start date: 5th June 2023
Course length: 5 weeks

Wales is unique and Welsh research is different. Despite the fact that, by and large, Wales used the same legal and bureaucratic framework as England, the country’s social, linguistic, cultural and religious fabric mean that a different kind of approach is necessary. The context of research is vitally important and there are difficulties, even for those who have a good level of knowledge and experience with family history research.

Aimed at those who have some knowledge of family history research in England, this course considers the aspects of family history research in Wales which are different to that of England. For example, you will learn how linguistic, social and cultural factors shaped the day-to-day life of your ancestors and how they coloured the historical documents you will be consulting. You will also have the chance to study how Welsh nonconformity could affect your own research as well as where to locate and how to get the most out of specific Welsh sources and Welsh repositories. There is now a good range of sources for Welsh research on the Web and this course includes lots of advice on finding and using online information and data.

Previous students said: I have learnt so much in just 5 weeks and I have used the information taught to find more details about my ancestors. I am so happy I have found Pharos Tutors!

NEW Critical Thinking Approaches for Genealogy

Tutor: Sophie Kay
Start date: 5th June 2023
Course length: 4 weeks
BOOKING FAST

In this course the family history research process is examined from start to finish, seeing how critical thinking has a role to play at every turn. Historical evidence is placed centre-stage and a range of analysis techniques are used to guide towards a considered, thorough research narrative. Subjects covered include the Perspective Pyramid for researching at different scales (e.g. individual, family, branch), the Negative Space approach for analysing research gaps, the Timebinding method for reconciling the different stages of an ancestor’s life, and the topping-and-tailing strategy for use with migratory ancestors.

This is combined with core skills such as developing research questions and performing effective searches and hands-on experience of the Genealogical Proof Standard.

Lesson Headings:

• Scaffolding: Skills for initiating and planning your family history.
• Building Blocks: Logical approaches to effective searching and research progression.
• Mortar: Engaging critical thinking methods for problem solving and brick walls.
• Vantage Point: Perspectives and techniques to ensure continued onward development of your research skills.

NEW Researching Scottish Ancestral Crisis

Tutor: Chris Paton
Start date: 12th June 2023
Course length: 5 weeks
BOOKING FAST

Many of our Scottish ancestors had to overcome great adversity on occasions to simply make it through the day. Illness, death, bigamy, abandonment, accidents, eviction, victimhood, ethnic cleansing, and so much more. And whenever such crises emerged, somebody was usually close to hand with a quill and ink to bear witness. In so doing, a great documentary legacy was created that can greatly help us to understand the true lives of our forebears, and the struggles that led to who we became today.

This course will reveal the many areas of Scottish ancestral hardship that have been documented over the last few centuries, and explore how to access the relevant records. It follows on from two previous Pharos courses, Scottish Research Online, which explores websites offering some of the more basic records for Scottish research, and Scotland 1750: Beyond the Old Parish Registers, which takes students to more advanced records found offline and online, and which flags up the importance of using catalogues. Although not compulsory, it is recommended that both courses are completed prior to studying Researching Scottish Ancestral Crisis.

Lesson Headings:

• Law and Order
• Family Events and Relationships
• Poverty and Debt
• Medical Issues
• The State and the People

Employment Records

Tutor: Alec Tritton
Start date: 15th June 2023
Course length: 5 weeks
LAST FEW PLACES

Many documents uncovered during our research indicate an occupation, perhaps several, in which our ancestor was employed. Many will have followed their father’s trade or occupation, and their children will have followed them. Others will have broken away, perhaps from the land and headed for the town to learn new skills and enter a different trade. Those more fortunate, at least financially or by birth, may have been destined for one of the professions.

Records of employment will vary from the scant to the copious; much depends on the occupation. This 5 week course examines what is likely to be found in official and unofficial sources and where and how the information can be used as further insights into the lives and times of our ancestors.

Lesson Headings:

• The Professions
• Merchant Seamen and Coastguard
• Government employees
• Town folk
• Country folk

Previous students said: This was a wide-ranging and very interesting and challenging course with a huge amount of information given. There is much to re-investigate for the future. The tutor gave some excellent advice in his assessment which I will follow in future work.

Demystifying DNA for Family Historians

Tutor: Karen Cummings 
Start date: 19th June 2023
Course length: 5 weeks

This introduction to DNA testing starts at the beginning, providing you with the tools to understand and demystify DNA testing for use in your own research. You will be guided through what to consider before testing, the different types of DNA, who can test and which test is the most appropriate in different circumstances. You will learn about how DNA is passed down the generations and why this is important and how much you really can rely on ‘ethnicity estimates’. You will work with examples of real data and have the opportunity to work through techniques with your own results (if you have tested already). At the end of the course you will have a toolbox of techniques to interpret your DNA matches with increased confidence.

Previous students said: Karen is an excellent tutor, explaining everything clearly. The course notes are full of information with links to websites, books etc that will be useful in the future.

Karen ‘demystified’ the science-speak and with the clear notes and charts, I now feel I have a good understanding of the area.

As a complete novice who has not done a test I feel that this course gave me a good understanding of the types of DNA, how they are inherited and how the results can be used. I really enjoyed it.

That’s all for this month, plenty there to keep you busy!

We have some great courses coming for you in the next month, including the brand new course: Understanding Title Deeds, from Susan Moore.

Understanding Title Deeds

* COURSE OF THE MONTH*

Tutor: Susan Moore
Start date: 1st March 2023
Course length: 4 weeks

Title Deeds, documenting the ownership of land and property, are to be found in almost all record repositories, whether they be from a solicitors collection, a large family estate collection, individual documents from a variety of sources, or part of the National Archives. This course, suitable for both family and local historians, aims to introduce the records in a practical way, to enable researchers to find them, to understand the different types of deeds, and, crucially, to be able to interpret them.

As with so many apparently impenetrable records, there are short cuts and clues and hints to eliciting the information from them. Family history information can include details of marriages, relationships and the social circle of friends amongst whom people moved. Local history and house history information can include detailed descriptions of land, with names of tenants, acreages, land use, and neighbouring plots of land and houses.

This course is part of our Advanced Certificate programme but can also be taken in isolation.

Susan Moore has taught a combined title deeds and Chancery record course for Pharos for many years, but this year we decided we needed to give you more, dedicating a full four weeks to these important records. A separate course Family Feuds – how to find and interpret Chancery court records, follows in April.

Before the Modern Census – Name-rich sources
from 1690 to 1837

Tutor: Else Churchill 
Start date: 7th March 2023
Course length: 4 weeks

LAST FEW PLACES AVAILABLE

The course considers the records to consult before the census records of names, ages, birthplaces and the household address of a family. Attention is paid to a variety of lists which reveal where someone lived at a particular time. Over four lessons you will learn about the introduction of newspapers, the earliest efforts at census taking, and what other records are considered to be useful census substitutes. Census substitutes are often quite local in scope and purpose. Many will be explained and advice will be given on how to search for local lists. You will come away with an understanding of how to make the most of census substitutes, some new online search skills, and an ability to assess and access these sources.

Lesson Headings:

• Different world, different sources
• The first enumerations, 1801 – 1831
• Landowners, Traders and Freemen
• Census substitutes and name-rich lists

Previous students said: “A very interesting course positively loaded with information… A very knowledgable and helpful tutor.”

Practicalities of a One Name Study

Tutor: Julie Goucher
Start date: 7th March 2023
Course length: 5 weeks (4 lessons)

The course is designed to enable students to explore the practical steps of maintaining and developing their one-name study through a variety of media and to give some context to the various considerations they will need to explore.

It is expected that students for this course will already have a one-name study or surname study registered, or will have identified a surname to register and begin working upon.

Lesson Headings:

• Week 1: Understanding and making the best use of spreadsheets in your study
• Week 2: Genealogical Software, what to consider
• Week 3: (Reading week)
• Week 4: Online Trees and other software
• Week 5: The next steps: Preservation and Sharing

Are You Sitting Comfortably? Writing and Telling Your Family History

Tutor: Janet Few
Start date: 13th March 2023
Course length: 5 weeks

This hugely popular course from Janet Few begins with advice on making decisions about what to write about, what to include and how to make some order out of the potential chaos of information. It goes on to discover the historical context and look at adding interest into your story with background about what was happening nationally and locally and how this might have affected your ancestors. The course also looks at how knowledge about occupations can bring an ancestor to life and how and why social history helps you to make sense of it all and can frame your story. Finally, in week five, you will discover how to add photos and other illustrations as well as learn about options for publishing.

This course is about acquiring skills that will help you to present your family history in a coherent and interesting way.

If you wish to receive feedback on your writing, there is the option to submit a piece of writing of up to 3,000 words for marking. You will have at least six weeks after the course finishes, before this needs to be sent to the tutor.

Previous students said: “The course has provided me with everything I could possibly need (and more) to sort out my main goals of prioritising family history, research, recording and writing up the stories during the coming year and beyond. I now know the way ahead and am very much looking forward to putting my plans into action.”

That’s all for this month, happy studying!

Guest Post

Janice Heppenstall is a graduate of our Advanced Certificate programme (with Distinction). She has a passion for finding the extraordinary in ‘ordinary’ people’s lives, using their stories as a springboard to explore the local, social and political context in which they lived. She blogs regularly on family history and genealogy topics at English Ancestors and is also to be found on Facebook.

This is the third of three posts looking at different types of documentation and other sources that we draw upon to evidence our research. The first two parts looked at primary and secondary sources, original and derivative records, digital surrogates, and some grey areas that appear to be originals but are in fact derivatives: contemporary copies. We now move on to modern derivatives: transcriptions and online indexes.

Transcriptions

Strictly speaking, a transcript is a word-for-word copy of the document, exactly as it appears on the original. However, modern day ‘transcriptions’ prepared for online genealogy research generally do not conform to this definition. Transcribers input information into predetermined fields for forename, surname, date, and so on. Any information falling outside these predetermined fields is simply omitted. This could mean important information or visual clues are missing. In any case, transcriptions vary in quality and accuracy. Sometimes the handwriting is difficult to read, particularly for someone not experienced in reading old handwriting styles. Consequently, the transcript may not record accurately the name, date or other information.

In the last post we looked at the baptism in August 1819 of James Sword Mann, the first child of Thomas and Lucy Mann. We saw that in the original parish record the clerk had mistakenly recorded the mother’s name as ‘Sophia’. Although this was eventually corrected in the parish record it was not corrected on the Bishop’s Transcript. Let’s look now at modern transcriptions of the event as recorded in both these records: the parish register and the Bishop’s Transcript.

Here is the transcript of the original record in the parish register:

James Sword Mann, Transcription of Baptism Register Entry, 15 August 1819, Norwich, St Martin at Oak, Transcript by FamilySearch, available on www.ancestry.co.uk Accessed 12 December 2022. Original data: Norfolk Record Office, Ref: PD 15/10

And here, the modern transcript of the Bishop’s Transcript:

James Sword Mann, Transcription of Bishop’s Transcript of Baptism Register Entry, 15 August 1819, Norwich, St Martin at Oak, Transcript by FamilySearch, available on www.ancestry.co.uk Accessed 12 December 2022. Original data: Norfolk Record Office, Ref: BT ANW 1819-n

• In both these transcripts the child is named as James Mann, thereby omitting the middle name Sword. Sword is in fact the mother’s maiden name – a valuable clue for researchers.
• Both transcripts record the mother’s name as Sophia. This is of course correct in the case of the Bishop’s Transcript – it is a faithful copy of what was written. However, it is clear that on the parish record the transcriber has simply scanned the record looking for the facts required for the predetermined fields, and in doing so has not read the important amendment. Here, an entry of ‘Sophia amended to Lucy’ would be more accurate/useful.
• In the transcription of the Bishop’s Transcript, ‘Tho[ma]s’ is transcribed as ‘Ether’.
• On both transcripts the date of birth is omitted – the loss of a useful piece of information.
• While for the transcription of the Bishop’s Transcript the actual parish of ‘Norwich, St Martin at Oak’ is given, the parish register transcript records only ‘Norwich, Norfolk, England’. While technically true, in 1819 there were 36 parishes in Norwich, and the inclusion of parish is an important part of the record.

What we see here is that the further we have moved away from the original record, the more errors and/or omissions have crept in. That said, we should not discount transcripts. A transcript is far better than nothing; and although we will come across many mistakes like those just described, others are of extremely high quality, particularly those made by local Family History Societies and those made in years gone by, by local antiquarians. In cases where parish registers have been lost, their ‘reconstruction’, often done as a labour of love, using Bishops’ Transcripts and whatever other records are available are a wonderful resource. I have also used transcribed listings of parish register entries, arranged in alphabetical order, as a checklist, just to make sure I haven’t missed anyone. Wherever possible, though, transcripts are best used as a pointer to the existence of the actual record, guiding us to the original where we can see for ourselves what was written.

Indexes

Online resources for genealogy bring a double bonus. Not only can we research from the comfort of our own homes, but also the individual records have been indexed. This means we can achieve in an afternoon what might previously have taken years of sifting through decades of un-indexed data stored on microfiche at the local County Records Office. Whether we’re using commercial genealogy sources such as Ancestry.co.uk or FindMyPast, or free-to-use sites such as FamilySearch and FreeBMD, we just type in a few key search terms and are rewarded with a selection of possible records, probably including digital surrogates of the originals.

The indexes themselves, however, are a derivative record, created pretty much as described above, by third parties, whose work may be of variable quality and accuracy, typing key facts into the predetermined index fields. As such they can and do include errors. My great grandfather, born in Leeds, is indexed on FindMyPast for the 1911 census with a birthplace of ‘Scotland’. I have also found a very clearly written ‘Alfred’ listed on the index as ‘George’, and indeed an entire collection indexed under Northamptonshire rather than Norfolk. Sometimes archaic spelling on very old original documents makes index searches even more ‘hit-and-miss’.

Pulling it all together: combining different source types for best effect

In this 3-part overview we’ve identified some good practice guidance for working with different source types:

• Always get as close as possible to the original source for facts about your ancestors.
• Use secondary sources to add context and depth, and to develop your understanding of the times they lived in.
• Be aware of the nature of the record you’re looking at, and record that along with the information from the record.

We will now add one more point:

• Have several alternatives in your ‘arsenal’: Familiarise yourself with, and be prepared to use different source types together whenever necessary to reinforce, cross-reference and compare.

Here’s a final example from my own research to illustrate this:

An index search on several sites for a marriage for my 7x great grandfather John Lucas returned only one record: an abstract of Boyd’s marriage index 1538-1850 on FindMyPast. Information provided was simply: ‘Jones Lucas and Elizabeth Marshall; 1670, Rothwell’

I suspected ‘Jones’ was a poor transcription, and although my John Lucas lived in Leeds, not Rothwell, this transcription intrigued me. I knew that digital images of the original parish registers of Rothwell, Holy Trinity, were available on commercial website Ancestry.co.uk and having located them, I used the information on the transcript to search 1670 for the appropriate entry so I could see the exact record for myself. The image below was what I found.

John Lucas and Elizabeth Marshall, Marriage Register Entry, 20 July 1670, Rothwell Holy Trinity www.ancestry.co.uk Accessed 14 Apr 2022. Original data: West Yorkshire Archive Service, Wakefield: Yorkshire Parish Records; Reference: RDP91/1/5

A digital surrogate is usually the closest we can get to using the original record.  However, this is not a good image.  The text is obscured by the rolled-back previous pages.  I could guess at some of the missing words, but others were simply not legible.  My solution was to turn to an early twentieth century transcription of the register by local antiquarian George Denison Lumb.  My thinking here was that, working in 1906, Lumb would have had access to the original document; and he would have been able to separate out the pages lost here in the fold.  My hunch was correct.  His transcription agreed with what I could see and enhanced my own:

“[Jo]h[ann]es Lucas de [Le]eds et Eliz[a]betha [M]arshall de [R]othwell marit Vicesimo’ “

The point is that if we are flexible we will find ways to use whatever is available to best effect.  The more sources at our fingertips, the more effectively we will do this – even if it means on occasion a transcription is preferable to a digital photograph of the original record!

What I hope these three blogposts have illustrated is that although there is a hierarchy in terms of all these different types of source, there is value in all.  Wherever possible we should aim to use the original or a digital surrogate with photographed images of the original.  Secondary sources add context and help us to develop our knowledge and understanding but can also point us to new original sources we didn’t know about.  Online transcripts may show up in a search where the original record doesn’t – a problem with the indexing, perhaps – but if we know where digital surrogates of the originals are available we can use the transcript as a signpost to guide us to the correct entry in the original register.  When archaic handwriting is difficult, Bishop’s Transcripts might offer a slightly easier hand for us to read, and indeed a modern transcript may help us to ‘see’ the letters.  Finally, if a parish has lost its entire collection of registers, we can thank our lucky stars for the hard work of people who, as a labour of love, have tried to reconstruct them.

Source

George Denison Lumb: The Registers of the parish church of Rothwell Co. York, Part I 1538-1689 (1906) Privately printed for the Yorkshire Parish Register Society
Transcription of marriage record of John Lucas and Elizabeth Marshall at p.284
Accessed 5 May 2022 via Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/registersofparis27roth/page/n5/mode/2up

We have two brand new tutor-led courses for you this month, brought to you by Chris Paton and Sophie Kay.

The first of our new courses looks at Scottish research from the perspective of ancestors in crisis:

Researching Scottish Ancestral Crisis

As in our own lives, many of our Scottish ancestors had to overcome great adversity on occasions to simply make it through the day. Illness, death, bigamy, abandonment, accidents, eviction, victimhood, ethnic cleansing, and so much more – a dramatic range of experiences across a series of lifetimes. And whenever such crises emerged, somebody was usually close to hand with a quill and ink to bear witness. In so doing, a great documentary legacy was created that can greatly help us to understand the true lives of our forebears, and the struggles that led to who we became today.

This course will reveal the many areas of Scottish ancestral hardship that have been documented over the last few centuries, and explore how to access the relevant records. It follows on from two previous Pharos courses, Scottish Research Online, which explores websites offering some of the more basic records for Scottish research, and Scotland 1750: Beyond the Old Parish Registers, which takes students to more advanced records found offline and online, and which flags up the importance of using catalogues. Although not compulsory, it is recommended that both courses are completed prior to studying Researching Scottish Ancestral Crisis.

Researching Scottish Ancestral Crisis is Booking NOW.

Our second brand new course comes from Sophie Kay and looks at a number of critical thinking approaches.

Critical Thinking Approaches for Genealogy

Some of you may have seen Sophie speak on one of her critical thinking approaches already: the Negative Space approach. In this course the family history research process is examined from start to finish, seeing how critical thinking has a role to play at every turn. Historical evidence is placed centre-stage and a range of analysis techniques are used to guide towards a considered, thorough research narrative.

Subjects covered include the Perspective Pyramid for researching at different scales (e.g. individual, family, branch), the Negative Space approach for analysing research gaps, the timebinding method for reconciling the different stages of an ancestors life, and the topping-and-tailing strategy for use with migratory ancestors. This is combined with core skills such as developing research questions and performing effective searches and hands-on experience of the Genealogical Proof Standard.

Critical Thinking Approaches for Genealogy is Booking NOW.

And in case you missed it:

Elusive Ancestors: Migration within the British Isles

Announced earlier this month in our newsletter is a brand new course on migration in the British Isles, written and taught by Janet Few.

As family historians, we all encounter elusive family members. They appear as if from nowhere or they disappear without trace, leaving no death or burial record. Then there are those who vanish from view for decades, only to re-emerge later. Often the problem is created because an individual has changed their location. This course suggests strategies that you can use to try to track down ancestors who moved within the British Isles.

The course will begin by investigating the reasons why people of the past changed their location, touching on some of the theories of migration, and look at many of the occupations which often led to a move. In the second part of the course students will consider the benefits of studying the extended family and others in the neighbourhood when trying to track down an elusive ancestor. In addition, each lesson will have a focus on tracking down a different type of record.

Elusive Ancestors: Migration within the British Isles is also Booking NOW.

We are delighted to announce the launch of our two-part beginners’ Foundations of Family History course for research in England and Wales. This is an Anytime course, so there is no fixed start date, you simply work through the material at your own pace.

When you embark on your family history journey there can be a lot to take in, with so many different records available, how do you know where to start? Developing an understanding of the records you work with increases your ability to get the most from them. Just as important is methodology and technique, how to most effectively build a family tree in which you can be confident.

This two-part course will introduce you to the four fundamental genealogical sources in England and Wales: records of civil registration (birth marriage death certificates), census records, parish registers and wills and probate records, and start you off with some good methods and techniques that you can continue to apply as you progress your family tree further. The topics covered in the two parts of this course are as follows:

Foundations of Family History Part 1 – Getting Started

• Lesson 1 – Gathering information and interviewing relatives
• Lesson 2 – Storing your family history research (including software options)
• Lesson 3 – Civil Registration (birth, marriage and death certificates)
• Lesson 4 – The census records
• Lesson 5 – Building your tree with confidence

Foundations of Family History Part 2 – Next Steps

• Lesson 1 – Introduction to parish registers
• Lesson 2 – Deaths, burials and obituaries
• Lesson 3 – Getting started with wills and probate records
• Lesson 4 – Problem solving

Starting with an Anytime course gives you a feel for how Pharos course materials are presented, without the need to set aside fixed times for tutorials or complete work by particular date. Anytime courses are made up of a number of ‘lessons’, where one week is about equivalent to the amount of material we would teach on a tutor-led course in one week, but you can set your own pace. Each ‘lesson’ includes exercises for students to work through, websites to visit and search techniques to try out, so there is plenty of ‘doing’ as well as reading.

You can read more about how different Pharos Tutors courses work here: How Courses Work.

You can read more about the new courses here:
Foundations of Family History Part 1 – Getting Started
Foundations of Family History Part 2 – Next Steps

LAUNCH OFFER: We are offering students who buy Part 1 and Part 2 of this course as a single purchase a £10 voucher off their next Pharos Tutors course*.

* voucher will be sent out within a few days of purchase

Guest Post

Janice Heppenstall is a graduate of our Advanced Certificate programme (with Distinction). She has a passion for finding the extraordinary in ‘ordinary’ people’s lives, using their stories as a springboard to explore the local, social and political context in which they lived. She blogs regularly on family history and genealogy topics at English Ancestors and is also to be found on Facebook.

This is the second of three posts looking at different types of documentation and other sources that we, as genealogists, draw upon to evidence our research. These posts focus not on distinct record sets like censuses, birth registers or manorial records; rather they provide a broader look to get us thinking about the relative value of ‘evidence’ from different source types.

In the first of these posts we focused on primary sources, which we often refer to as ‘original records’, and secondary sources. We looked at how we can use them together to build a fuller picture of our ancestors’ lives and experiences. In this second part we’re starting to look at derivative records.

Derivative records are created after the event but based directly on an original record. In other words, information is copied from the original to another document. As such, there is scope for error in their creation, based on illegibility of the original text, carelessness, or other errors and omissions. There are several types of derivative records. In this post we’ll start with some grey areas: certain record types that are contemporaneous to and certainly look like originals but strictly speaking are not.

Censuses, 1841-1901
In the first post we differentiated between the 1911 and 1921 censuses and all those that went before. Why are these ‘original’ records, yet the earlier ones are not? When we find the 1911 or 1921 census return for our person of interest, we see a single sheet completed by (or on behalf of) the head of household and relating to the members and housing conditions of that household. This is an original record and primary source. By contrast, for the earlier censuses what we see is a long list of all residents in a specific locality, arranged by household and organised according to the route the enumerator took as he walked from house to house, collecting the information. You might have explained this difference with reference to illiteracy rates: that since a great many people were unable to read and write, the enumerator simply arrived on the doorstep and wrote down the information he was given; but this is not true. Individual records were created for each property, and this was then transcribed onto the lists we see today. The original household sheets were then destroyed. In other words, all we have left for these earlier censuses is the contemporaneous derivative record. This might explain some inconsistencies. The second child of my great grandparents is referred to in the 1881 census as Jane (female). He was actually John, a boy. Another great grandfather, George, appears as ‘Enoch’ in the 1891 census. Was this a mis-transcription, or did George object to nosy-parkers coming to ask him questions? (I have spent a lot of time playing hide-and-seek with George, and I suspect the latter…)

Civil Birth, Marriage and Death certificates (Civil BMDs)
Are they original records? You would think so, but they are not necessarily so. Imagine yourself registering a death in 1851. You would go to the local Register Office. They would record all the information, give you a copy, keep the original for themselves and send a third copy to the General Register Office (GRO) in London. Of course, there were no photocopiers: the only way to do this was to write it out by hand several times. In other words, when we buy Civil BMDs online from the GRO, what we receive is a facsimile of a hand-written copy of the original record, i.e. a true copy of a derivative record, and not the original itself. You can choose instead to buy your BMDs from the local Register Office. However, some don’t offer this service, while others don’t have the capacity for creating facsimiles of the originals, in which case what we receive is a modern handwritten or typed copy of the original – again, a derivative record. Might this explain an odd discrepancy you’ve come across?

Bishop’s Transcripts (BTs)
BT’s are an interesting grey area. They are the copies of parish registers that, from 1598 until around 1800, church ministers were required to keep and send annually to the diocese office. They are contemporaneous with the originals, and written by a churchwarden who may have known the individuals involved. Even if a parish’s records from this period have not survived, there is the chance that the BTs have, since they will have been lodged with the diocesan records, quite separately from the parish, and possibly in different archives. As copies, strictly speaking they are derivative records and may contain transcription errors. However, sometimes they contain more information than the originals, and are often invaluable in providing a second chance in deciphering 17th or 18th century handwriting.

Let me give you an example from my own research:
The first image below is the 1819 Bishop’s Transcript of the baptism of my 3x great grandfather’s first child. When I found it I was in no doubt that this was the correct Thomas Mann and son James Sword Mann. However, since my 3x great grandmother’s name is Lucy, and the mother’s name here is Sophia, my assumption was that Thomas must have married twice, his first wife, Sophia, having died not long after James’s birth.

James Sword Mann, Bishop’s Transcript of Baptism Register Entry, 15 August 1819, Norwich, St Martin at Oak www.ancestry.co.uk Accessed 12 December 2022. Original data: Norfolk Record Office, Ref: BT ANW 1819-n

Some years later another I found the parish register record for the same baptism, below. It contained all the same information: James Sword, son of Tho[ma]s and Sophia Mann. Clearly, the BT had been absolutely correctly copied from this original record. However, here, the clerk has added a note to the effect that he has realised the mother’s name of ‘Sophia’ should be ‘Lucy’. The note was dated seventeen years later, 14 August 1836.

James Sword Mann, Baptism Register Entry, 15 August 1819, Norwich, St Martin at Oak www.ancestry.co.uk Accessed 12 December 2022. Original data: Norfolk Record Office, Ref: PD 15/10

In this example, the BT is a faithful copy, but whereas a correction has been made to the original, the BT has been left with the incorrect information. Only by using the one original parish register entry do we see this additional important information.

What all these types of sources have in common is that they are contemporary copies. You may come across other examples, such as the copying of information from chapel of ease records to the main parish register, or post-Interregnum transcriptions made by the parish clerk, based on notes received from the interim civil parish clerks. They are contemporary, and undoubtedly they have value. In some cases they are all we have. But they are copies nevertheless, and as such there is the possibility of error or omission. The important point to take away from all this is that we should be aware of the nature of the record we’re looking at, and we should record that along with the information from the record.

In the final part of this look at different source types we’ll focus on more modern derivatives: transcriptions and indexes; and we’ll meet up again with James Sword Mann and his parents.

Guest Post

Janice Heppenstall is a graduate of our Advanced Certificate programme (with Distinction). She has a passion for finding the extraordinary in ‘ordinary’ people’s lives, using their stories as a springboard to explore the local, social and political context in which they lived. She blogs regularly on family history and genealogy topics at English Ancestors and is also to be found on Facebook.

This is the first of three posts looking at different types of documentation and other sources that we, as genealogists, draw upon to evidence our research. These posts focus not on distinct record sets like censuses, birth registers or manorial records; rather they provide a broader look to get us thinking about the relative value of ‘evidence’ from different source types. In this first part, we’re looking at some important terms used to distinguish source types: primary, secondary, original and digital surrogate. The second and third posts will build on this, looking at a range of what are termed derivative sources. Although our starting point is that some types of evidence carry more weight than others, as we shall see, none should be disregarded because there is value in all. It all depends on how we use them.

Primary sources are created at the time of an event, or not long afterwards. These include what we, as genealogists, tend to refer to as original records. They include the documents from official bodies and government offices that are the nuts and bolts of our research, such as civil birth, marriage and death certificates; records of baptisms, marriages, burials; wills; property documents, e.g. deeds; apprenticeship records; Court records; newspaper reports; and the 1911 and 1921 census (we’ll consider the earlier censuses in the second post). These types of original documents provide us with the hard facts that enable us to build our trees. They can include far more information than the mere fact of a particular event having occurred. A baptism record, for example, essentially has the date and location of the event, the child’s name and the name of one or both parents. Depending on the year and the parish, it may also include place of residence, father’s occupation, both parents’ fathers’ names and the child’s actual date of birth. Some even include the day of the week on which the birth occurred! It will of course include the denomination, and there may be other notes in the margin. That’s a lot of evidence! The important point here is that we are looking at the original document with our own eyes, and we see for ourselves what was written. We can examine it closely, decipher the handwriting, verify that this is the correct document for our research and get every last scrap of information from it.

When we refer to ‘original records’, strictly speaking what we mean is the actual original documents lodged in archives like the local Country Records Offices, the National Archives at Kew, National Records of Scotland, National Library of Wales, Public Records Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) or other diocesan, university or specialist archives. However, increasing numbers of such documents have been photographed and made available to us online, through various websites. The availability of digital images can mean it is no longer necessary to handle the originals, which are stored away, safely. Indeed, often they are no longer available for the general user, meaning the photographed copies of them are what we must use. Archivists refer to them as digital surrogates. In almost every case they are as good as the original, but just occasionally they are not – we’ll see an example of this in part 3. When we rely on these surrogates, it’s good practice to say so. We can refer to them as ‘digital images of the original documents’ and give the website.

Whether we see the actual original documents or an online photograph of them, we can be reasonably confident that most of the information in these original documents/ primary sources is true. Why only reasonably confident? Because the information recorded is only ever as true or as accurate as the facts provided by the informant. In the 1911 census my great grandmother added six years to her second husband’s age to make the age difference between them less obvious. Another example: the marriage record for my widowed 3x great grandmother has her father’s surname as ‘Moss’, which is actually her first husband’s surname. Sometimes we have to read between the lines, recognise human error, make allowances for individual foibles, and on occasion perhaps witness a web of deceit unfolding before our eyes.

Family letters are also original documents (Karen Cummings’ personal collection)

However, primary sources do not have to be from official bodies. We might also have personal items such as photographs of people and places; letters; memoirs; diaries; and spoken accounts by people who witnessed an event. In the case of photographs, sometimes simply seeing the image can be sufficient for our information needs: ‘Oh look, that’s Auntie Ethel at Grandma’s Ruby Wedding party, so she must have emigrated after 1977…’ However, often it’s what’s written on the back that adds vital information. The name of a studio on the back can help narrow down the date of the image, or there may even be a date stamp. Alternatively, someone may have written a note on the back. On the back of a group photo taken at the start of my Dad’s National Service training he has written his Platoon, Company and Regiment, along with the full address of the barracks, the date, and a signed dedication to his parents. But beware! Notes may have been added later by someone whose knowledge of the photo is based on hearsay. My Mum incorrectly labelled a photo as her ‘Uncle David’. Meanwhile, her cousin had incorrectly labelled a different photograph of the same man as ‘Uncle Albert’. It took a collaboration between the two daughters of these cousins – myself and my second cousin – to compare what we had and work out that these were in fact two precious photos of ‘Uncle Joe’, who had been killed in action in 1917, before his nieces, our mothers, were even born. This opportunity to exchange stories and photos is one of the things I love about finding new cousins via online trees. Another more distant cousin sent me a memoir written by his late aunt. It included information about family relations and tensions relating to my great grandfather and his birth family – information I simply never would have found any other way. Again, beware, though! A diary entry and a memoir is the writer’s ‘truth’, which on occasion may differ from the reality.

Moving on to secondary sources, these tend to be published works in which the author describes, summarises, discusses or in some way draws upon information gathered from other sources (primary or other secondary). A secondary source may be produced many years after an event. The author may have had no physical connection whatsoever with the original event; and yet with the benefit of distance, hindsight and objectivity, the author can present an overview that adds context to our own research, helping us imagine our ancestors in their setting. Examples might include historians’ texts based on research about a person, locality, event or period of interest; literature contemporaneous to the time/ events; and modern historical novels or films based on sound research. Unless you are actually reading a book about your ancestor, such texts are unlikely to refer specifically to your family, but they can provide a fantastic backdrop to your research. While reading recently about trench warfare and the Western Front, I decided to watch a couple of films about the First World War to help me visualise what I had read: All Quiet on the Western Front (2022) and War Horse (2011). The depiction in both films of ‘No Man’s Land’, the area between the opposing trenches helped me to imagine the utter horror of ‘going over the top’, even down to the placement of coils of barbed wire laid by the troops to make an attack more difficult for the opposing side. Joey the ‘War Horse’ is seriously injured when he becomes entangled in one of these coils. In this example, my reading and the films were secondary sources, but both helped me to understand the conditions and horrific reality of life and death in the trenches for my own kinsmen. They enhance what we find in primary sources. Sometimes secondary sources include great photos and maps, or direct quotes from primary sources, guiding us to them so we can examine them for ourselves. Reading about the 3rd Battle of Ypres, where my aforementioned great uncle Joe was killed, I learned of diaries kept by his commanding officer and was able to locate these and read this factual account (primary source) of Joe’s final weeks, days and hours – even though he wasn’t mentioned by name. Other published works may be memoirs written by people who were there. Strictly speaking these are primary sources, but we can use them in the same way we use secondary texts, to help us understand the context and reality for our family.

To summarise, then, primary sources are the original records made at the time of an event. They provide us with the essential data for our research. We simply could not progress without this information. The historian’s and genealogist’s mantra is always to get as close as possible to the original source. Today, often this means using online digital surrogates – photographs of these originals. However, although these records can help to pad out what we know about our ancestor – their occupation, maybe a physical description, evidence of regular drunk and disorderly behaviour, perhaps, and so on, they do not in themselves provide depth and context. What was life like on a prison hulk? Why were so many people in the north attracted to Nonconformity in the eighteenth century? What were the stages towards universal suffrage, and what can I deduce from the fact of my ancestor’s right to vote in a specific period of history? For these and many more questions and themes our research can benefit enormously from secondary sources.

In the second part we will move on to derivative records, starting with certain types of records that appear to be originals but in reality are copies.

The following is a press release from our tutor, Janet Few, one of the members of the A Few Forgotten Women project, several of whom met through Janet’s Pharos Are You Sitting Comfortably? Writing and Telling Your Family History course.

A Few Forgotten Women is a project devised by a group of friends, known collectively as A Few Good Women. The group first got together during lockdown to provide mutual encouragement for family history projects. Even without meaning to, family historians often focus on the men on their family tree. It is usually the men who carry on the surname, the men who join the armed forces and who are more likely to leave wills, to vote or to rent property, thereby leaving a trail in the documentary record. Merely by virtue of her gender, a female can become overlooked. We realised that, unless we took on the responsibility of preserving them, the stories of many of the women we encountered during our research would be lost.

The aim of the project is to preserve the memory of some women who have, until now, been hiding in the shadows, forgotten by history. The women that you will meet on our website are those that we have discovered as part of our investigations into our own ancestry, as part of a one-name study, a one-place study, or when undertaking a wider project. Then there are the women that had no link to our own work but who cried out to us as we researched in the documents of the past. We hope that meeting our forgotten women will encourage others to tell the stories of their own.

Some woman are further on the margins than others and this project focusses on those whose lives were touched by issues such as poverty, illegitimacy, criminality, disability, alcoholism, prostitution, abandonment or mental ill-health. Often, several of these conditions go hand in hand, impacting on the lives of the women whose stories we seek to tell. Other women were less marginalised but lack descendants who can preserve their memory; they too find a place amongst our biographies. The nature of our site means that many of the stories we tell do not make easy reading. Please be aware that some of the biographies will contain material that some readers might find distressing.

We are sensitive to the ethical issues surrounding telling the stories of people of the past. There is a balance to be maintained between commemorating their lives and respecting personal privacy.  Many of our women faced trauma and adversity; on balance, we believe they deserve their place in history. We aim to provide rounded portraits of real people in an empathetic and non-judgmental way. Where the women have descendants, we have tried to contact them to get permission to tell their ancestor’s stories.

Our website is in its infancy, new stories will be added regularly. Take a look at the website here: A Few Forgotten Women

You can also follow the project on:
Mastodon @Few4gottenwomen@genealysis.social
Twitter @Few4GottenWomen
Facebook
Instagram

We’re having a Black Friday Sale!

From Friday 25th November to Monday 28th November inclusive use code FRIDAY15 to get 15% of ANY of our courses!* That’s right, ALL of our courses are included in the sale.

Don’t know where to start?  Here’s our list of courses coming in January:

Advanced Military Research – 20th Century Conflict (325)

This course examines in detail records available for Twentieth Century conflict, the two world wars, the Boer War, the Korean War and other conflicts, including records for men who undertook National Service or were in the Home Guard.

Discovering more about your Agricultural Labouring Ancestors (242)

This online course helps to set ag labs in a broader context and suggests sources that will reveal more about the lives of those rural ancestors and the farms on which they worked. The focus is on British farming from 1700-1950.

Introduction to One-Name Studies (901)

A one-name study is an exciting journey into your surname’s past. This introduction to one-name studies, written in association with the Guild of One-Name Studies, includes the history of surnames, what a one-name study is, and how to get started.

So You Think You Know FamilySearch – A Guided Tour (206)

Discover what you don’t know about English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh resources on the FamilySearch website. This course guides you through the website, offering tips about searching data, browsing formerly inaccessible records and using help.

Tracing Living Relatives (255)

This course guides you through the main sources for locating people, how and where to access relevant records, how to prove straightforward family connections, outlines how to present your findings and gives advice on how best to approach potential beneficiaries.

Apprenticeship Records (281)

Apprenticeship, both as a private arrangement and under the Poor Laws, generated records which can provide invaluable information for tracing family history. This course will guide you through apprenticeship records and explain how to find them.

Building on a Solid Foundation – Genealogy methods and techniques (204)

This genealogy methods and techniques course will build confidence in your family tree, with a walk through technique, research notes and useful research tools, such as research logs, timelines, source analysis and building a weight of evidence.

Introduction to Medieval Genealogy (501)

This course provides an overview of medieval genealogy, concentrating on the most accessible sources, giving contextual background to medieval society and the nature of medieval records; how they were put together, and their limitations.

Researching Online for Advanced Genealogists (480)

This course examines the main types of online resources which are useful in carrying out research in English and Welsh family history and aims to improve your search skills, so that you can be more confident with your search results.

17th Century Sources (382)

For genealogists the 17th century presents new challenges. This course will provide students with an understanding of the problems likely to be encountered in this period, record interpretation, analysis and planning and how to find documents.

Employment Records (380)

Many documents indicate occupations in which our ancestors were employed. This course examines what is likely to be found in official and unofficial sources and how information can be used to provide further insights into the lives of our ancestors.

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